We all know that a good offense is the best defense. Prevention is the best medicine, but when someone straight up coughs in your face, your immune system is the first line of defense, medicine (eastern and western) being the second. The stronger our immune system, the less need we have for external help from medicine. And let's be honest, does anyone actually enjoy taking medications? No. They certainly have their time and place, but if we can fight something off without their help, we become stronger and we're spared the "bubblegum flavor" that we all know is actually pink chalk. First, lets explain how the immune system works...

Like a football team, the immune system is comprised of 2 parts working together: innate (defense) and acquired (offense). Your innate immune system is non-specific and reacts almost immediately to the presence of antigens- any foreign substance which induces an immune response in the body. It includes physical barriers like your skin and mucus membraines, and cells like white blood cells, neutrophils, and macrophages which patrol the body for dying cells, infected cells, and bacteria, and ingest them. If the innate immune system can't stop the antigens from reproducing, they'll notify the more specialized string of the immune cells via the Helper T-cells. Now, the the acquired immune system is activated. It's antigen-specific, meaning it can recognize a particular foreign body if you've come into contact with it before. If you havent, your immune system will remember it after you've fought it off. Helper T-cells are the quarterbacks coordinating the most effective attack strategy, and your Killer T-cells and B-cells are like your runningbacks and wide recievers. Helper T's use cytokines (proteins important in cell signaling) to call upon Killer T's, which attack and kill viruses, and B-cells which are responsible for remembering antigens and producing the corresponding antibody. Antibodies are proteins that attach to the antigen and act like a beacon, calling on other proteins to attack. Helper T-cells will also tell the Killer T and B-cells to reproduce so they can attack more antigens.

So what can we do to support our body's natural defense? Well there's actually a few things and I bet you already know them...

Diet
A healthy diet seems to be the first answer to every problem. But what actually is considered to be a healthy diet is different for everyone. I could talk for an hour about the diet fads and supplements in this country but I'll save that for another post... Chinese dietary theory takes a very easy approach: imagine your plate, cut it in half and then cut one half into quarters. One quarter is a protein about the size of your palm, the other quarter is a grain, and half the plate is veggies. Stick with that, eat your colors, and you'll cover your basic dietary needs. To boost the immune system, however, you need several key vitamins and minerals:

Vitimin A can be found in dark leafy greens, or foods that are yellow or orange in color (carrots, sweet potatoes, mango, etc.). It helps to develop and regulate the immune system, and protects the epithelium (your skin) and mucus integrity.

Vitamin B, more specifically B6 and B12, can also be found in dark leafy greens, but additionally fruits, starchy vegetables, some animal proteins, nutritional yeast, and diary products. B6 aids in the development of white blood cells and production of antibodies, and B12 acts as an immunomodulator. 

Vitamin C is most frequently associated with citrus fruits but it can also be found in many red and green veggies and even cauliflower. It supports the epithelial barrier, aids in the function of neutrophils and macrophages, and is active in the development of B- and T-cells.

​Vitamin D can be found in some animal proteins, most dairy products (including plant based milks), mushrooms, but most importantly, the sun! This vitamin modulates both the innate and acquired immune systems and its deficiency is associated with autoimmune disorders and an increased susceptibility to infection.

​Vitamin E is present in many vegetable oils, green veggies, and added to some fruit juices. It's an important antioxident, helps to modulate the immune system and Helper T-cells, aides in development and increases the activity of T-cells.

Folate, also known as folic acid, is another B vitamin naturally present in dark leafy greens, other green veggetables like asparagus, oranges, and legumes. Folate is essential in the reproduction and repair of DNA and production of RNA. DNA is the blueprint for all the proteins your body needs to function, RNA is how the body reads the blueprint. Like the language and coding of a computer.

​Iron isn't limited to red meat. It can also be found in legumes, peas, nuts, and spinach. Iron is necessary for the development of immune cells but is also essential in bacterial and parasidic. Our body actually creates proteins that prevent bacteria and parasites from using our available iron. Cool, right?

Selenium is primarily found in animal proteins, dairy products, and grains. This is another antioxident but is the main ingredient for selenoproteins which are key to cellular function and protein developement.

Copper is present in some animal products, nuts and seeds, chocolate (score!), whole grain, potatoes, mushrooms, avocados, chickpeas, and tofu. It's uncertain exactly how copper aids immune function but it has been found that a deficiency in copper leads to a decrease in neutrophils and T-cells.

Zinc's bes source is oysters but you can also enjoy other animal proteins, beans, nuts, whole grains, diary, and some fortified breakfast cereals. It's crucial in the development of both innate and acquired immune cells and the production of antibodies. Its also an antioxident and necessary for DNA replication, RNA transcription (how the body copies information from DNA), and the division, activation, and death of all cells. 

Exercise and Sleep 
A regular exercise routine is imperetive to a healthy mind and body, but what many don't realize is that incorporating periods of rest and sleep is of equal importance. Hightlighting it's effect on immunity, exercise induces the release of the patrolling neutrophils and macrophages, and cytokines that are produced in your sleep.​ Additionally, your immune system is activated and your body produces T cells and antigen-presenting cells during sleep. Sleep also enhances your adaptive immune response (aka cell memory, aka antibodies).

Stress
Global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic cause stress in more ways than we realize. It's not just the microsopic invader, it's the economy, being forced to stay home, and the inability to see our loved ones or find toilet paper. When our body is stressed, it basically shuts down all systems in an effort to conserve energy to either fight or run. Cortisol, one of the major stress hormones, causes a decrease in the blood T cell count​ and also suppresses the immune system in an effort to decrease inflammation so you can run faster or fight harder. You can read more about stress and it's effect on your body in my blog post, but here are some ways you can mange it at home...

Meditation
Studies show that meditation has a wide array of benefits like...

-Alleviating stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD
-Improved focus
-Lowering blood pressure
-Managing acute and chronic pain including fibromyalgia
-Regulating digestive distress

One study found that meditation can help your body produce more antibodies after an influenza vaccine. This suggests that meditation may improve the functioning of your acquired immune system. The best part about meditation is that it actually changes your brain activity. With regular practice, these changes become permanent. Need a place to start? Try the Nine Breathings of Purification. 

Therapy
A wonderful tool with a bad reputation. Societal norms make us believe that if we need therapy it's because we're "crazy" or "hysterical" or that we simply can't handle our lives, and that couldn't be further from the truth. We seek therapy every day in the counsel of our friends and family, so what's wrong with seeing a professional? Many are still offering tele-health treatments and can provide you with tools to help manage stress, anxiety, depression, flare ups of conditions associated with stress like obsessive compulsive disorder, etc. The moral of the story, don't be afraid or feel ashamed to seek help. We all need it.

Exercise
Yup. Exercise is so important that it's getting a second shout-out. It releases endorphins which are the neurotrasmitters that make you happy. More endorphins means less stress and depression, and increased self confidence and a sense of accomplishment. It can also help you to relax which leads to better sleep, and improve your focus. Since we can't go to the gym at this time, many fitness instructors are offering classes online for free through Instagram, Facebook, YouTube, and Zoom. This is a perfect opportunity to try new exercise techniques such as Qi Gong, Pilates, or maybe even a ballet class, and don't forget that we can still go outside! Whether you like to walk, run, bike, or just dance in the sun and rain, you'll be exercising your body and your connection to mother Earth. Just make sure you are still practicing social distancing.

Last, but certainly not least, see your doctors regularly. We're not here to only help the sick and suffering, we're here to promote the health and wellness of everyone. Be it your GP for your annual physical, the GI for a colonoscopy, your therapist, nutritionist, or acupuncturist, going regularly will keep your body at peak performance and catch anything that may be brewing before you start to feel symptoms. Prevention is the best medicine, and your medical team can help you with that too.

My teacher describes all disease as an opportunity for change. I heard someone else described coronavirus as mother earth putting us all in a time-out to think about what we've done. I think they're both perfect explanations of where humanity is today. I frequently describe pain to my patients as the body saying, "if you're not going to stop and deal with [insert issue here], then I'm going to force you to." If we are to be totally honest with ourselves, humanity as a whole has been ignoring several issues that can no longer be ignored. So, here we are, forced to stop and deal with our reality by a pandemic. What a perfect time to re-evaluate and welcome change.

When treating almost any condition, I frequently hear people say, "I just want to go back to the way I was." Why? Would you really want to go back to old way you were coping with your issues? That wasn't solving them. If it was then you wouldn't be in my office. Why go back when you can adapt, evolve, grow stronger and move forward? To go back is to to reject change, and that can only lead us to death. And I mean that both spiritually and physically. When we contract a virus, our immune system must adapt fast and make the changes necessary to survive. If our immune system doesn't learn how to stop the virus from replicating, we die. When you look at how western medicine address viruses, our most effective weapons are vaccines. According to the CDC. "Vaccines help develop immunity by imitating an infection. This type of infection, however, almost never causes illness, but it does cause the immune system to produce...antibodies." In other words, vaccines use the virus to teach us how to adapt but in a safer environment. Some viruses can be treated using antiviral drugs. However, antiviral drugs are used for specific viral infections, and we don't have one yet for COVID-19. Therefore, there is no treatment. Our only option at this time is to learn and adapt. WE MUST CHANGE. 

When we look at the bigger picture of humanity's position, it's clear that our old ways are not working anymore. Consider our political climate, for example. Our president's entire campaign was to "Make America Great Again!" To go back to the way of life that made America the world power that she once was. Not a bad idea at first glance. But when you really think about it, if all of those decisions then, lead us to where we are today, where do you think we will end up if we make those decisions again? You guessed it. Right where we are now. Maybe not with another pandemic, but perhaps by some other world-shattering event that will send us directly to jail without passing Go or collecting $200. If we wish to advance our society, WE MUST CHANGE. 

We may not see it behind the heavy shroud of doom and gloom, but these changes are already happening and having a beautiful effect. Though COVID-19 is forcing us apart physically, it's emotionally bringing us closer together. It's teaching us to reconnect with our families. We've become more considerate of our loved ones and our neighbors, and are thinking of others before ourselves. You can find people everywhere working together as a community to support and protect each other. Staying home is teaching us to reconsider what we truly need, not what overconsumption tells us we need. Air pollution, considered to be a leading global health concern, has decreased after only a few weeks of isolation. If we keep this up we could prevent an estimated 4.5 million excess deaths worldwide. And the constant bombardment of information? That's teaching us to think for ourselves, to inquire deeper and find the truth instead of blindly following what "they say."

Sometimes (and we've all been there), the only way for someone to truly learn their lesson is for them to experience something that's so impactful it changes their lives. This virus is scary, but it's true impact is a lesson to change how we interact with each other and the world around us. This virus is changing our lives and providing us with an opportunity to evolve. What will you do?

In light of Earth being cancelled, I thought it would be prudent to talk about everyone's favorite topic: coronavirus. First things first, turn off the news, and visit the World Health Organization or Center of Diesease Control's websites. Most of what is reported (or what we hear while flipping through the channels) is twisted to grab our attention, and becuase of that, there is a lot of misinformation spreading around. For anyone who's read the information on WHO or the CDC's website, you've probably realized that the coronavirus isn't going to end the world. If you do think it's going to end the world, stop hoarding toilet paper. It won't save you. What will save you however, is knowledge. So let's take a deep breath and go over the basics, transmission, and prevention and put an end to the mass hysteria.

Basics
The coronavirus isn't anything new, but this particular strain is. In rare events such as this one, viruses can transmit between species, like the SARS outbreak that started in 2003. As a matter of fact, the virus which causes COVID-19 (coronavirus diesase 2019) is SARS-CoV-2. Because this strain is so new to humans, scientists and doctors are still learning about it's transmission and effect on the body. Though coronovirus and the flu are very similar, they are caused different viruses (coronavirus and influenza). As is true with the flu, the people who are most at risk are those who are immunocompromised, meaning their immune system isn't up to par. These people include the elderly, and those suffering from underlying, severe, chronic conditions (aka comorbidities) like heart disease, lung disease, or diabetes. Most of the reported cases (80% according to WHO) of COVID-19 are considered to be mild and some patients don't show any signs at all (which is making it difficult to track), but those who are high risk can suffer from more severe symptoms, complications, and even death, so it is of the utmost importance to protect these individuals.

Transmission
​According to the CDC, studies of the virus' pathogenesis and stability are still being conducted. With the information we currently have, it's believed that the virus is primarilry spread by close contact with fluids of those who are infected and showing symptoms. What does this mean? Being within 6 feet of someone who is infected with SARS-CoV-2 and is coughing or sneezing without covering their mouth (c'mon). This spreads droplets full of disease to those in the vicinity and if those droplets land in anyone's mouth, nose, or eyes, they now have the potential of becoming ill, or a carrier to spread the virus to other people. At this point in time, this coronavirus is not considered to be airborne; meaning the virus-droplets can hang out in the air and infect others even after the infected individual has left the area. Though it is possible to contract the virus from someone who is not showing symptoms, or from touching a contaminated surface and then touching your mouth, nose or eyes, these are not believed to be significant routs of infection. It is not yet known how long the virus can survive on surfaces. One study theorizes that it can last anywhere from 4 hours to three days but has not yet been peer reviewed. Another study based it's predictions on similar coronaviruses (including SARS) to estimate it's longevity but may not be accurate. 
Given it's known behavior, the virus is classified as spreading easily (contagious) and sustainable (continuing to spread), leading to community spread (not everyone in the community knows how or where they caught the bug). Lucky for us, it's very easy to prevent further spreading which leads us to...

Prevention
As with any disease, the best way to treat it is to prevent it from developing in the first place. Especially since there is no treatment at this time. In this case, we apply the same tactics we used in kindergarten: good hygine!
1. If you're not feeling well, STAY HOME! And especially avoid contact with friends or family members who are considered high risk. Even if you think it's only a cold, STAY HOME. Do I really have to explain why? I didn't think so, but I will anyway. YOU may survive the virus just fine, but others may not. If you must leave your quarantined zone (like to see your doctor or acupuncturist for example (yes, I can help)), be sure to wear a mask or cover your mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing by aiming into your elbow or using a disposable tissue and then immediately disposing of it. Please don't cough or sneeze into your hand and then go touching everything. It's gross. You're an adult. You should know better.
2. Wash your hands. Wet your hands, apply soap, and lather up while singing Happy Birthday or the Alphabet or counting to 20...whatever floats your boat. THEN rinse them under running water. Make sure you wash before you touch your face or anyone else's. No soap nearby? Use hand sanitizer. No excuses. Remember that gloves don't make you invincible. They carry germs just as your hands do. If you're wearing them, dipose of them after touching whatever it is you must touch.
3. Clean frequently used surfaces. The more people who touch the area, the higher the risk of spreading germs. If the area is dirty, wash it with soap and then follow with a disinfectent. Since every store on Long Island is currently out of stock of Clorox Wipes, follow the CDC's suggested DIY disinfectents. It would also behoove you to wash any items you purchased before storing them in their proper place.

Please do not prepare for quarantine unless you are actually at risk of being quarantined. If you are quarantined, remember that you only need supplies for 2 weeks, not a zombie apocalypse. I recently learned that some hospitals must ration their supplies because the rest of us are hoarding them. Be mindful of those who are truly in need of these items: healthcare professionals, emergency response teams, and those listed above who are considered high risk. 

Now that you're armed with this information, may the odds be ever in your favor.

It's been a while since my last post! I've been running around like a chicken without it's head and thought, "what a perfect time to blog about that constant, on-the-go lifestyle and why we shouldn't be doing it." The way we live here in NY, it's a miracle if we have any free time. If we're not at work, we're working around our homes, running errands, or taking care of others. Sleep? Fahgettaboudit. Vacation? What's that? Time to rest is a foreign concept these days, but back when our classic text the Su Wen was written (about 2,500 years ago), rest was imperative to a healthy lifestyle. In this excerpt is a conversation between the Yellow Emperor, Huang Di, and his acupuncturist, Qi Bo:

"'I have heard that
the people of high antiquity...
all exceeded one hundred years.
But in their movements and activities there was no weakening.
As for the people of today,
after one half of a hundred years, the movements and activities of all of them
weaken.
Is this because the times are different?
Or is it that the people have lost this [ability]?”

Qi Bo responded:
“The people of high antiquity,
those who knew the Way,
they modeled [their behavior] on yin and yang...
[Their] rising and resting had regularity.
They did not tax [themselves] with meaningless work. 
Hence, they were able to keep physical appearance and spirit together
and to exhaust the years [allotted by] heaven.
Their life span exceeded one hundred years before they departed.'"

Long translation short, if we all chilled out a little bit, we would all live to be 100 years old. But let's dive into this a bit. If you look back at my previous blog post about the power of yin and yang, you'll understand that it's not a theory of opposition, but one of complementary aspects that expands throughout the entire universe. This includes our lifestyle. The constant on-the-go lifestyle would be an aspect of yang, and more sedentary lifestyles would be an aspect of yin. When we properly balance our rest and activity (rising and resting), and don't sweat the small stuff (aka meaningless work), we age slower and get sick less often and therefore, can live the amount of time given to us by heaven. This theory is backed by actual science.

Long term effects of stress
Generally, our bodies are actually pretty good at handling stressors. We encounter a stressor, deal with it, and move on. That being said, we are constantly surrounded by stressors. It doesn't matter if you're actually fighting for your life, being yelled at by your boss, or watching a scary movie. All stress effects your body the same way. When we conitnue to be stressed, however, and can't break the cycle, it can lead to:

• Headaches
• Digestive distress, such as gastritis, ulcers, and reflux
• Insomnia
• Anxiety and depression
• High blood pressure
• Heart attack
• Stroke

One may reason that getting over stress and breaking the cycle is easy- go to your happy place. But there are other factors at work here. Ever hear of cortisol? It's a hormone your body releases in addition to epinephrine and nor-epinephrine in response to stress. If epinephrine and nor-epinephrine make you run or fight, cortisol keeps you running or fighting. It stays in your system much longer than the catecholamine hormones and makes you more sensitive to further stress. Thus, the more frequently we get stressed, the more difficult it is to get over stress, and the easier it becomes to feel stressed. If you're not getting enough time to physically rest, your body will continue to believe it is under stress and produce cortisol which furthers the sympathetic nervous response. Thus, a vicious cycle can be created.

Cortisol's effect on the body
In an attempt to harvest as much energy as possible to deal with your stressor, cortisol takes from systems that aren't considered necessary. Basically, all the functions of the "rest and digest" aspect of the parasympathetic state. The only thing that is important right now is survival: everything goes towards running and fighting. The rest can be delt with later after the stressor has been dealt with. This leads to suppression of your general immune response, slowed wound healing, counteraction of insulin which means higher blood sugar levels (more sugar in the blood means faster energy uptake), and reduced bone formation contributing long term to osteoporosis. It will also prevent collagen production (hello wrinkles), decreases amino acid uptake by muscles leading to decreased muscle mass, and inhibits protein synthesis (also made with amino acids). Amino acids are the building blocks of life. Since building muscles and proteins aren't a priority, preventing the body from using the amino acids means more building blocks to create more stress hormones to keep you running and fighting for your life. Decreased amino acids available in the blood can also cause gastrointestinal distress, and drops in blood pressure. Cortisol is also linked with your diurnal cycle. The amount of cortisol will decrease with as little as 3 hours of sleep, but with all that energy running through your system, it's going to be very difficult to get some. Lastly, increased levels of cortisol have been found in mood and anxiety disorders, psychological stress (the emotional side of all this), impaired learning, and difficulty retrieving long term memories. 

As you have most likely surmised, though this process will get you out of immediate danger, to continue in this state long term will lead you to the same place you're trying to avioid. ​Moral of the story, don't be like me a run around like a chicken without it's head. Take some time to be a little more yin. Let your body rest and recuperate to prevent the effects of stress and you too can live to be 100.

Summer is finally here! It's time for sun, and beaches, and barbecues, and more sun! I love the sun and it loves us too! Without it, life wouldn't exist, but too much? Well there is unfortunately such a thing as too much sun. Sunburn is only one of the side effects. Overexposure to sun can lead to sun poisoning, heat exhaustion, skin cancer, eye damage, and even speed up the look of aging. Does that mean we should avoid it? Absolutely not! Getting out in the sun helps alleviate symptoms of depression and seasonal affective disorder, regulates sleep, and can even support weight loss (and your mood) by increasing the levels of serotonin being released. It's also our best source of vitamin D which is crucial in calcium absorption and phosphorous regulation (meaning healthy bones and muscles), supports the brain, cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems, regulates insulin, and supports lung health. So how do we get all these benefits without going overboard? The key is to limit (NOT eliminate) your exposure. Our skin makes vitamin D from the UVB rays from the sun and this requires some unprotected exposure. In my research, I've found that the recommended amount of unprotected sun per day ranges from 1 to 15 minutes but overall, that amount of time is determined by skin tone. As we all know, darker skin tones will absorb more light before getting damaged. That doesn't mean you're exempt from using sunblock! What I recommend is applying sunblock just before going outside. By the time it kicks in, you've met your unprotected sun quota. Be sure to re-apply because it does come off with sweat and water and you will burn. For those who are of lighter skin tones, wait the full amount of time before going out. Broad spectrum SPF 50 blocks about 98% of the UVA and UVB rays, so that 2% is probably all the "unprotected" sun you really need.

Lets talk about vitamin D deficiency. Firstly, sunscreen doesn't cause vitamin D deficiency. Spending your life indoors or hiding in the shade does. Symptoms of vitamin D deficiency include osteoporosis, osteopenia, and brittle bones, chronic pain, fatigue, increases in blood pressure, weak muscles, and decreased endurance. In Chinese medicine, we call this yang deficiency. If you're unfamiliar with what yang energy is, read this blog post before continuing on. Now that we're all on the same page, symptoms of yang deficiency include everything above in addition to cold limbs, loose stool, and spontaneous sweating. Yang deficiency in specific organs can lead to crashing periods in the day, heart palpitations, difficulty focusing, poor appetite, sexual dysfunction, and difficulty urinating. If it gets extreme, you can develop what we call yang collapse. This conditions exhibits symptoms similar to heat exhaustion: cold body, cold sweats and chills, low blood pressure, confusion, dizziness, and a very weak pulse. Heat exhaustion might sound like it would be an excess of yang energy but think of it like your computer overheating and shutting down- the overload ends up causing the collapse. 

Finding the right balance of sun is going to be different for everyone. If you're sensitive, use an SPF of 50 and make sure you're taking breaks in the shade, especially between 10a-3p when the sun is at it's strongest. If you're not, a minimal SPF of 15 has been shown to decrease your chances of melanoma by 50%, and premature aging by over 20%. When picking the right sunblock for you, always make sure it's a broad spectrum and try to pick one made with mineral zinc oxide or titanium dioxide. Popular ingredients like oxybenzone, octinoxate and methyl paraben are damaging to the coral reefs and therefore, the ocean ecosystems. You can read more about this topic and discover reef safe sunscreens here thanks to Badger Balm.  Lastly, if you do burn, treat it with aloe! You don't need to get fancy bottles with extra ingredients. Just get yourself a plant, leave it on your windowsill, and break off leaves as you need. If you follow all the guidelines above, you shouldn't need much! 

Our first lesson in the basics of acupuncture theory starts here: the tai chi. Probably the most famous symbol representing the Chinese understanding of the universe. Everything in the known universe can be broken down into yin and yang, something and it's complement. Nothing can exist without it's complementary force because everything is defined by it's complementary force. I choose not to use the word "opposite" here because opposition suggests separation or conflict. In Chinese numerology, the number two represents division without separation. As you can see, though the symbol is divided into two colors, they are unified as one whole circle. Another reason why I choose the word compliment is because comparing yin and yang is relative. Take men and women for example. When comparing one to the other, men are yang, women are yin. If you were, however, to compare two women to each other, one being a ballet dancer and the other a construction worker, the former would be yin in relation to the yang of the later. To move a level deeper, there are yin and yang aspects within every individual. Referring back to our female construction worker, she may be yang while at work, but yin while she's home knitting.

As I'm sure you already know, yin and yang are more than a simple way of comparing and organizing things of the universe. It's also the fundamental understanding of how the universe works. The white represents yang: energy that rises, associated with the sun and day, activity, and the male gender. The black represents yin: energy that descends, associated with the moon and night, rest, and the female gender. The larger portions of black and white are representative of balance and harmony, and the dot of the opposite color in each half represents their root of existence. Let's start with balance and harmony.  Think of a relationship in your life. If you're with someone whom you consider your equal, there's little conflict and what differences you do have can be used to strengthen your bond. If you're with someone and there isn't a balance of power, turmoil ensues (and we've all been there). The same logic holds true for everything else in the universe and it's where we acupuncturists do some of our work- harmonizing the relationships between organs so everything functions as it should. Now to explain the root of existence. Yin cannot exist without its root in yang and yang cannot exist without its root in Yin. Nothing can be entirely yin just as nothing can be entirely yang. If anything is purely one or the other, it actually creates separation and therefore death. To use men and women as another example, if one was to separate them from each other, the population would eventually go extinct. When we put those two aspects together, the symbol in it's entirety represents the transformative properties of yin and yang. Because each is rooted in the other, they have the ability to change from one form to the other, and continue to do so in an endless cycle shown by the buta-like shapes made with the larger black and white portions. We see this transformation every day as it changes into the night, or when children (yang) evolve into the elderly (yin).
​
A lot to be said of such a simple symbol, right?